No effect of exogenous melatonin on development of cryopreserved metaphase II oocytes in mouse

Background

This study was conducted to investigate effect of exogenous melatonin on the development of mouse mature oocytes after cryopreservation.

Results

First, mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes were vitrified in the open-pulled straws (OPS). After warming, they were cultured for 1 h in M₂ medium containing melatonin at different concentrations (0, 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁵, 10⁻³ mol/L). Then the oocytes were used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels (fluorescence microscopy), and the developmental potential after parthenogenetic activation. The experimental results showed that the ROS level and cleavage rate in 10⁻³ mol/L melatonin group was significantly lower than that in melatonin-free group (control). The GSH levels and blastocyst rates in all melatonin-treated groups were similar to that in control. Based on the above results, we detected the expression of gene Hsp90aa1, Hsf1, Hspa1b, Nrf2 and Bcl-x1 with qRT-PCR in oocytes treated with 10⁻⁷, or 10⁻³ mol/L melatonin and untreated control. After warming and culture for 1 h, the oocytes showed higher Hsp90aa1 expression in 10⁻⁷ mol/L melatonin-treated group than in the control (P < 0.05); the Hsf1, Hsp90aa1 and Bcl-x1 expression were significantly decreased in 10⁻³ mol/L melatonin-treated group when compared to the control. Based on the above results and previous research, we detected the development of vitrified-warmed oocytes treated with either 10⁻⁷ or 0 mol/L melatonin by in vitro fertilization. No difference was observed between them.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the supplementation of melatonin (10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ mol/L) in culture medium and incubation for 1 h did not improve the subsequent developmental potential of vitrified-warmed mouse MII oocytes, even if there were alteration in gene expression.     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂使用意愿与行为研究——基于TPB-NAM整合模型

饲料添加剂具有提高动物免疫功能、促进动物健康生长等诸多优势。然而,滥用饲料添加剂已经对动物、人类健康和环境构成了严重的威胁,规范使用饲料添加剂是养殖户亲环境生产行为的重要表现。基于计划行为理论(TPB)和规范激活理论(NAM)的整合框架,利用江西省、湖北省和云南省水禽养殖户微观调查数据,采用结构方程模型,从个体理性和社会理性两个维度,分析在规则约束下水禽养殖户饲料添加剂的使用意愿与行为。结果表明,受访者表现出较高的规范使用饲料添加剂意愿,均值为3.764,但实际行为偏低,均值为3.216。态度、主观规范和感知行为控制均对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂意愿产生显著正向影响,但影响效应依次减弱;结果意识正向影响责任归属,而责任归属和感知收益共同激活个人规范。意愿与个人规范对水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂行为均具有显著正向影响,且意愿的影响更大,但意愿与行为之间存在悖离现象。据此,提出应采取措施提升水禽养殖户规范使用饲料添加剂的积极态度,强化水禽养殖户在生产过程中所承担的环境责任,营造规范使用饲料添加剂氛围,加大政策支持和补贴力度,加强监管与督察力度等政策建议。     

DSC法研究水分含量对低分子量MUF树脂固化特性的影响

  目的  探究水分含量对低分子量三聚氰胺脲醛（MUF）树脂溶液固化特性的影响,为阐明树脂浸渍材在不同干燥阶段、不同空间层位中的树脂固化特性提供数据支撑。  方法  以实验室自制的MUF树脂溶液为研究对象,将其稀释成20%、30%、40%、50%后进行升温差示扫描量热测试（DSC）,通过外推法消除升温速率对峰顶温度的影响,拟合求解其最佳固化温度,定性阐述水分含量对MUF树脂固化特性的影响,并运用Kissinger微分法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法计算20%、30%、40%、50%树脂溶液固化反应的表观活化能,定量分析水分对树脂固化特性的影响。  结果  随着MUF树脂溶液质量分数的降低,DSC曲线中峰顶温度整体上呈现向高温方向偏移的趋势,但是在升温速率15和20 ℃/min条件下,20%树脂溶液DSC曲线的峰顶温度峰位置向低温区域发生了偏移;通过外推法得到的20%、30%、40%、50% MUF树脂溶液的最佳固化温度分别为93.99、90.71、85.46和79.71 ℃;运用Kissinger微分法计算得到其表观活化能分别为92.94、82.37、65.93和50.68 kJ/mol,其结果与Flynn-Wall-Ozawa积分法验算结果相近。  结论  整体上,消除升温速率的影响后,水分对树脂固化反应起阻碍作用,并且水分越多,阻碍效应越明显;但在较高升温速率（15和20 ℃/min）条件下,20%MUF树脂溶液的DSC测试结果表明水分促进树脂固化反应,这可能是由分子运动加剧造成的。      

南极中山站附近海水微生物多样性和宏基因组分析

以中国第34次南极科考采集的中山站附近海域5个站点海水样品为研究对象,通过Illumina高通量测序,鉴定微生物组成和微生物群落结构,发现中山站取样的海水中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)最为丰富,其次为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria),属水平上黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)含量最多,均超过20%。首次在南极海水中发现UBA1315属微生物,功能注释分析显示含有丰富的DNA修复基因,可能有助于适应南极恶劣环境。对中山站和罗斯海上层海水以及南北极不同地理位置海水微生物比较发现,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝细菌在所有海水中普遍存在,变形菌门为优势菌,蓝细菌在南极海水中含量丰富,罗斯海上层海水比中山站海水微生物多样性丰富,且主要菌群丰度不同。初步揭示了中山站附近海域微生物群落组成,为后续进一步研究南极中山站海水微生物资源调查和功能开发研究提供一定的基础数据。     

不同尿素含量培养条件下复合菌系GF-20菌种组成及功能差异

为明确复合菌系GF-20在不同尿素含量培养条件下的菌种组成及功能差异,提高复合菌系的应用性及适用性,以复合菌系GF-20为研究对象,采用16S rDNA扩增子测序技术研究其菌种组成及代谢通路丰度。结果表明:不同尿素含量培养条件下复合菌系菌种组成较为相似,主要由纤维素弧菌属、黄杆菌属、纤维单胞菌属、假单胞菌属和无色杆菌属等功能菌组成,但其丰度存在显著差异。在N2条件下,复合菌系的alpha多样性指数较其他处理高,其物种组成更加丰富和多样。不同处理复合菌均注释到较多的碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢;对N1(硫酸铵氮源)和N6(尿素氮源)处理间碳水化合物代谢通路注释丰度差异比较发现,戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸酯的相互转化、磷酸戊糖途径、半乳糖代谢、果糖和甘露糖代谢、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢和抗坏血酸盐和藻酸盐代谢等代谢通路丰度呈N1显著高于N6。综上所述,复合菌系GF-20在不同尿素含量培养条件下具有良好的菌种组成及功能稳定性,可适用于原位秸秆还田实践,促进北方高寒地区玉米秸秆降解速率。     

The Ionic and Osmotic Factors Controlling Motility of Fish Spermatozoa

This review presents actual knowledge about energetic, ionic, osmotic and gaseous control of fish sperm motility and its duration. Right after they are activated, fish spermatozoa of most species swim for a short period of time, in the range of one to several minutes. What determines the activation process? Is it due to the new ionic, gaseous and/or osmotic environment? Why is the duration of motility so short? Is it resulting from a fast exhaustion of energy stores (ATP, ADP, AMP, PCr) combined with the above-mentioned ionic/osmotic stress leading to morphological alterations? The motility criteria (flagellar beat frequency, head displacement velocity, flagellar waves morphology, etc.) used to characterize fish sperm movement and sperm flagella will be described. Most parameters change very rapidly during the brief motility period of fish sperm. Then will be considered the main environmental factors, ionic and/or osmotic signals, responsible of the activation of fish sperm motility. Then the metabolic compounds involved in cell energetics will be considered as their concentrations also rapidly change during the motility phase. An additional feature will then be discussed concerning the mechanisms by which fish sperm cell can be revived for a second motility round at the end of the first motility period. A model is proposed to explain how external osmolarity can control internal ionic composition, the latter being the key factor controlling flagellar activity.     

巨大芽孢杆菌MPF-906对养鱼水质净化的初步研究

以鲫鱼为对象,利用从水产养殖水体中分离得到的巨大芽孢杆菌MPF-906,研究了其微生态制剂同步净化养鱼水质的动态变化。结果显示,在水族箱中添加巨大芽孢杆菌MPF-906制剂后,与对照组相比,水中的亚硝酸盐显著降解,COD也有所下降,pH值稳定在7.78￣8.19之间,表明巨大芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对净化养鱼水质和调节养殖水体微生态结构稳定具有明显的作用,其最适使用浓度为4×108CFU/mL。